Student Name Western Governors University C784 Applied Healthcare Statistics Prof. Name Date C784: Formulas Applied Healthcare Statistics This guide presents essential formulas and unit conversions crucial for understanding applied healthcare statistics. Memorizing these formulas is vital for objective assessments in this subject. Module 2: What are the Commonly Used Metric Prefixes? Metric prefixes are used to express multiples or fractions of base units in measurements. Below is a table summarizing the most common prefixes, their symbols, and their meanings: Prefix Symbol Meaning kilo k 1,000 hecto h 100 deka da 10 base – 1 (unit) deci d 0.1 centi c 0.01 milli m 0.001 A helpful mnemonic to remember the order of these prefixes is: King Henry Danced Basically Drinking Chocolate Milk. Additionally, unit conversion between kilograms and pounds is essential in healthcare: How Do You Convert Temperatures Between Celsius and Fahrenheit? Temperature conversion formulas between Celsius (C) and Fahrenheit (F) scales are: These conversions are critical when interpreting patient data from different systems. Module 3: What is the Slope-Intercept Form of a Line? The slope-intercept form of a linear equation is expressed as: [y = mx + b] where: This form is frequently used in regression analysis and predictive modeling in healthcare statistics. What are the Basic Tips for Graphing Inequalities in One Variable? When graphing inequalities: Understanding this concept aids in correctly visualizing statistical constraints. Module 4: What are the Measures of Center in Data? Measures of central tendency summarize a data set by identifying a central value: C784 Final Exam Formulas and Key Concepts in Healthcare Statistics What Does the 5-Number Summary Include? The five-number summary provides a concise description of data spread and includes: How Are Outliers Identified? Outliers are extreme values that differ significantly from other observations. To detect them: What are the Measures of Spread? Measures that describe variability in data include: For normally distributed data, the empirical rule applies: Standard Deviations from Mean Percentage of Data within Range 1 SD 68% 2 SD 95% 3 SD 99.7% Module 5: How Do You Determine Graphical Displays for One-Variable Data? Graphical representations depend on the data type: Data Type Recommended Graphical Display Categorical Pie Chart, Bar Chart Quantitative Histogram, Stem Plot, Box Plot, Dot Plot What Are the Graphical Displays for Two-Variable Data Sets? For two-variable datasets, the following displays and measures are commonly used: Variable Types Graphical Display or Measure Categorical → Categorical Two-way Table with Conditional Percentages Categorical → Quantitative Side-by-side Boxplots with 5-Number Summary Quantitative → Quantitative Scatterplot with Correlation Coefficient Module 6: What Does the Correlation Coefficient Indicate? The correlation coefficient, denoted as (r), measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two quantitative variables: Removing outliers from the dataset can significantly affect the value of (r). Module 7: What Are the Basic Probability Formulas? Probability rules include: C784 Final Exam Formulas and Key Concepts in Healthcare Statistics Rule Operation Formula Keywords Addition Rule Add & subtract overlap (P(A \text{ or } B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A \text{ and } B)) or, either Multiplication Rule Multiply Not Conditional: (P(A \text{ and } B) = P(A) \times P(B)) Conditional: (P(A \text{ and } B) = P(A) \times P(B A)) Conditional Probability Divide (\text{P(B A)} = \frac{P(A \text{ and } B)}{P(A)}) Complement Rule Subtraction (P(\text{not } A) = 1 – P(A)) not Understanding these rules is fundamental for calculating event probabilities in healthcare analytics.

Student Name Western Governors University C784 Applied Healthcare Statistics Prof. Name Date 1. Given the following set of numbers: 3.3, –2.3, –16, 25 What are the square roots of the whole number? 2. Given the following set of numbers: 10, 2.5, –4, –4.5, 5 What is the sum when adding together only the whole numbers? 3. Given the following expression: 4 + 7 × (6 – 3)² What is the answer using proper order of operations? 4. Given the following expression: 5 × (30 – 27)² + 4 What is the correct answer using the proper order of operations? 5. What is the greatest common factor of 132 and the square root of 121 using prime factorization? 6. What is the greatest common factor of 24 and 84 using prime factorization? 9. A patient’s protein intake for today has been 15.76 g, 8.49 g, and 22.58 g. What is the total protein intake rounded to the nearest tenth of a decimal? 10. Given the equation: (not fully shown) What is the solution rounded to the nearest thousandth? 11. An intravenous drip is infused at a rate of 4.5 milliliters per minute. How many milliliters are infused per hour? 12. A patient’s medication was increased by 40 milligrams. What is the percent increase if the original medication was 180 milligrams? 13. What is the Fahrenheit equivalent for a patient’s room that needs to be kept at 25 degrees Celsius? 14. What is the Celsius equivalent for a patient who is running a fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit? 15. What is the value of x in this equation? 2x + 3 = 13 24. A survey asked residents to rate their community hospital on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the most happy with the hospital services. The data shows a positively skewed distribution. How are the mean, median and mode related? 25. An intensive care unit patient has frequent systolic blood pressure measures: 140, 150, 154, 154, 170, 176, 180 What is the mode? 26. Given data collected from research on cancer patients, what is the skew of the distribution? 27. Given this chart, what is true about the shape of the distribution? 28. Given the pie chart with CCU, pediatric, surgery, and NICU, which percentage of patients acquired an infection in the surgery department? 29. The following weights were recorded for children: 93, 84, 70, 48, 59, 66, 88, 94, 84, 67, 74, 58, 82 Which method of display should be used to see the distribution and individual values? 30. Heart rates recorded: 98, 88, 74, 83, 76, 99, 81, 73, 60, 66, 88, 94 Which display is appropriate to see exact values of individual observations? 31. Hours of overtime worked by nurses: 3, 7, 2, 4 What should be used to display the data? 32. Given a pie chart showing percentages of hepatitis A, B, and C: What causes this information to be misleading? 33. A clinic claims a dramatic increase in vaccines given over two years. How is the clinic misrepresenting data? 34. Which conclusion can be drawn from this distribution? 35. A study on the relationship between gender and exercise type. Which type of classification is this? C784 Pre-Assessment Guide 36. A study on the relationship between age and diastolic blood pressure. Which type of classification is this? 37. A study on a categorical variable and a quantitative variable. Which graphical display is appropriate? 38. Study on blood pressure among sleep apnea patients using CPAP and those who do not. Which numerical measure is appropriate? 39. Study on gender and hypertension. Which numerical measure is appropriate? 40. Study on blood pressure and hemoglobin A1c. Which numerical measure is appropriate? 41. Physician collects retrospective data on smoking and lung cancer. Which data indicate the relationship? 42. Study comparing surgery survival rates at two hospitals. What is true about the relationship? 43. Study on physician attire preference by setting. What is true about patient preference? 44. Given a scatterplot: What accurately describes the distribution and relationship? 45. Given a scatterplot: What accurately describes the distribution and relationship? 46. Given a scatterplot with an outlier: How does the outlier impact the relationship? C784 Pre-Assessment Guide 47. Given a scatterplot with an outlier: What effect would removal of the outlier have? 48. Given a scatterplot: What number of work days missed contains an outlier? 55. Question: A pediatric practice has six physicians, four are male. A newborn patient is assigned randomly. Probability assigned to a non-male physician? 56. Question: Given scatterplot & regression equation, what is the anxiety score for someone practicing yoga 3 hours per day, 2 days per week? 57. Question: Fair coin flipped again. Probability of heads? 58. Question: Surveyed 100 patients; preferences: 35 Infusions, 30 Incision/drainage, 25 Wound care, 10 Vital signs. Relative frequency for wound care? 59. Question: Coin flipped 3 times, probability of exactly 2 heads? 60. Question: Box with red, purple, blue balls. Two draws without replacement. Probability red ball is second? 61. Question: Three pregnant women with one child each. Possible baby sex outcomes (M or F)? 62. Question: Patient has elevated temperature 20%, high cholesterol 72%, both 14.4%. What’s true? 63. Question: Cold climates: 30% get influenza, 15% appendicitis. Probability of both (approximate)? 64. Question: Probability of running outside 0.45, joining gym 0.40, both 0.25. Probability either running or gym? 65. Question: 27 patients: 7 have diabetes, 9 have heart disease, 3 both. How to find probability of diabetes or heart disease? 66. Question: Clinic sees 8 patients/hour; probability patient has high BP = 0.63; probability none have high BP? 67. Question: 625 group physician practices: 300 primary care, 225 specialty care, 100 both. How to calculate probability of primary or specialty? 68. Question: 35% patients Medicare, 15% Medicaid; 10% of Medicare patients also have Medicaid. Probability patient has both? 69. Question: 14% get Virus A, 18% Virus B, 10.62% both. Probability that a person who contracts Virus B also contracts Virus A? 70. Question: 37% patients had sore throat, 36% itchy eyes, 51% of itchy eyes patients had sore throat. Probability patient had