BIOS 256 Week 8 Final Exam Study
Student Name
Chamberlain University
BIOS-256: Anatomy & Physiology IV with Lab
Prof. Name
Date
BIOS 256 FINAL EXAM STUDY Q&A | Comprehensive ATI
1. The urinary system does all of the following, EXCEPT it:
A. secretes excess glucose molecules
B. regulates blood volume
C. contributes to stabilizing blood pH
D. eliminates organic waste products
E. regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes
2. Conical structures that are located in the renal medulla are called:
A. pyramids
B. renal columns
C. renal pelvises
D. nephrons
E. calyces
3. The region known as the macula densa is part of:
A. the proximal convoluted tubule
B. the distal convoluted tubule
C. the collecting duct
D. the ascending loop of Henle
E. Bowman’s capsule
4. The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the:
A. renal corpuscle
B. filtration membrane
C. loop of Henle
D. juxtaglomerular apparatus
E. afferent arteriole
5. A glomerulus is:
A. the expanded end of a nephron
B. a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle
C. the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle
D. the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct
E. the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron
6. The proper order in which blood passes through the kidney vessels is:
A. 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8
B. 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8
C. 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8
D. 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8
E. 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8
7. The process of filtration is driven by:
A. active transport
B. blood osmotic pressure
C. blood hydrostatic pressure
D. renal pumping
8. The mechanisms for maintaining the solute concentration gradient in the renal medulla require:
A. active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B. active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the vasa recta
C. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to be permeable to water
D. the vasa recta to be impermeable to water
E. both A and B
9. Which of the following is greater?
A. the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the loop of Henle
B. the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the descending limb of the loop of Henle
10. The antidiuretic hormone:
A. increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water
B. is secreted in response to low concentrations of potassium ions in the extracellular fluid
C. causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of relatively solute-free urine
D. helps regulate the concentration of potassium ion in the interstitial space
E. is sensitive to changes in the blood concentrations of both sodium and potassium
11. In the loop of Henle:
A. water is secreted into the descending limb
B. sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb
C. the ascending limb is very permeable to water
D. the filtrate in the descending limb becomes more and more hypotonic
E. filtrate is produced
12. Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism most?
A. ADH
B. aldosterone
C. ANP
D. BNP
E. natriuretic peptide
13. All of the following are components of ECF, EXCEPT:
A. cerebral spinal fluid
B. peritoneal fluid
C. lymph
D. aqueous humor
E. plasma
14. Which hormone plays a role in determining the rate of sodium absorption and potassium loss?
A. ADH
B. aldosterone
C. ANP
D. BNP
E. natriuretic peptide
15. You are caring for a patient who has been vomiting and having diarrhea for the past five days. You suspect that his electrolyte levels are:
A. normal
B. elevated
C. the same as upon admission
D. decreased
E. noncritical
16. Which hormone affects the osmotic concentration of urine without affecting any ion levels?
A. ADH
B. aldosterone
C. ANP
D. BNP
E. natriuretic peptide
17. The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of:
A. calcium ions
B. chlorine ions
C. potassium ions
D. sodium ions
E. magnesium ions
18. The higher the plasma concentration of aldosterone, the more efficiently the kidney will:
A. conserve sodium ions
B. retain potassium ions
C. stimulate urinary water loss
D. secrete greater amounts of ADH
E. all of the above
19. Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by:
A. stimulating thirst
B. causing the release of ADH
C. triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone
D. A and B
E. A, B, and C
20. Renal failure can result in:
A. decreased urea
B. hyponatremia
C. hyperkalemia
D. hypokalemia
E. none of the above
21. Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in:
A. blood vessels
B. lymph
C. the cells of the body
D. the interstitial space
E. the cerebrospinal fluid
22. The principal cation in intracellular fluid is:
A. sodium
B. potassium
C. calcium
D. magnesium
E. chloride
23. When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained:
A. the osmolarity of the ECF falls
B. osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF
C. both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute
D. there is an increase in the volume of the ICF
E. both A and D
BIOS 256 Week 8 Final Exam Study
24. Consuming a meal high in salt will:
A. drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood
B. result in a temporary increase in blood volume
C. decrease thirst
D. cause hypotension
E. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
25. Aldosterone:
A. is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood
B. promotes sodium retention in the kidneys
C. helps decrease blood volume
D. increases the concentration of sodium in urine
E. functions in pH regulation
26. When the level of sodium ion in extracellular fluid decreases:
A. osmoreceptors are stimulated
B. a person experiences an increased thirst
C. more ADH is released
D. there is an increase in the level of aldosterone
E. there is an increase in the level of atrial natriuretic factor
27. Excess potassium ion is eliminated from the body by:
A. sweating
B. the kidneys
C. the liver
D. the digestive system
E. the spleen
28. The amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by:
A. ADH
B. aldosterone
C. parathormone
D. atrial natriuretic factor
E. cortisol
29. Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone:
A. calcitonin
B. calcitriol
C. aldosterone
D. cortisol
E. ADH
30. Each of the following statements concerning chloride ions is true, EXCEPT that:
A. chloride ions are the most abundant anions in the ECF
B. chloride ion concentrations in the ICF are usually low
C. chloride ions are absorbed along the digestive tract in the company of sodium ions
D. large amounts of chloride ions are lost each day in the urine
E. chloride ions are lost in perspiration
31. The primary role of the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system is to:
A. buffer stomach acid
B. buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide
C. prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids
D. buffer the urine
E. increase the amount of carbonic acid during ventilation
32. Acidosis can cause all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. coma and death
B. peripheral vasoconstriction
C. cardiac arrhythmias
D. heart failure
E. It can cause all of the above
33. Hypoventilation would cause:
A. respiratory acidosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
34. In response to respiratory alkalosis, the:
A. respiratory rate increases
B. tidal volume increases
C. kidneys conserve bicarbonate
D. kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions
E. body retains more carbon dioxide
35. Prolonged vomiting can result in:
A. respiratory acidosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
36. A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of:
A. respiratory acidosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
37. A person with chronic diabetes will exhibit signs of:
A. respiratory acidosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
38. A person who chronically consumes large amounts of antacids to settle an upset stomach may risk:
A. respiratory acidosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
39. To survive, humans must maintain a normal volume and composition of:
A. ECF
B. body fluids
C. ICF
D. plasma
E. all of the above
40. A(n) ___ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere:
A. fixed
B. organic
C. volatile
D. level
E. short
41. The reproductive system:
A. stores and transports gametes
B. nourishes gametes
C. produces gametes
D. All of the answers are correct
42. The reproductive system includes:
A. gonads and external genitalia
B. ducts that receive and transport the gametes
C. accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids
D. All of the answers are correct
43. The nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. support spermiogenesis
B. maintain the blood–testis barrier
C. secrete testosterone
D. secrete inhibin
E. support mitosis
Correct answer: C. secrete testosterone
44. The process of spermiogenesis produces:
A. spermatogonia
B. spermatozoa
C. spermatids
D. spermatozoa from spermatids
E. secondary spermatocytes
45. The function of the sustentacular (nurse) cells in the testes is to:
A. secrete testosterone
B. maintain the blood–testis barrier and support spermatogenesis
C. nourish the interstitial cells
D. produce androgen-binding protein
46. The spermatic cord is:
A. a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
B. a narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity
C. a dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis
D. all of the above
47. The interstitial cells of the testes produce:
A. sperm
B. testosterone
C. inhibin
D. androgen-binding protein
E. estrogen
48. Testosterone is secreted by the:
A. hypothalamus
B. interstitial (Leydig) cells
C. sustentacular (nurse) cells
D. adenohypophysis
49. The role of FSH in males is to:
A. initiate sperm production in the testes
B. stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone
C. develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics
D. influence sexual behavior and sex drive
Correct answer: A. initiate sperm production in the testes
BIOS 256 Week 8 Final Exam Study
50. The role of LH in males is to:
A. stimulate spermatogenesis
B. stimulate nurse cells to secrete inhibin
C. develop the male reproductive ducts
D. stimulate interstitial cells to produce testosterone
51. The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is:
A. estrogen
B. LH
C. FSH
D. progesterone
E. luteosterone
52. The surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers:
A. follicle maturation
B. menstruation
C. ovulation
D. atresia
E. menopause
53. The hormone responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is:
A. progesterone
B. estrogen
C. FSH
D. oxytocin
E. LH
54. During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle:
A. the endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion
B. estrogen levels are at their highest
C. a new functional layer is formed in the uterus
D. progesterone levels fall dramatically
E. menstruation occurs
Correct answer: A. the endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion
55. The primary oocyte is:
A. a stem cell that produces ova
B. a mature ovum ready for fertilization
C. the result of meiosis II
D. arrested in prophase I until puberty
E. formed immediately after fertilization
56. The corpus luteum:
A. is the portion of the follicle left behind after ovulation
B. secretes progesterone and some estrogen
C. degenerates if pregnancy does not occur
D. all of the above
57. Fertilization of the ovum usually occurs in the:
A. ovary
B. fallopian (uterine) tube
C. uterus
D. vagina
E. cervix
58. Menstruation occurs when:
A. ovulation occurs
B. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
C. estrogen and progesterone levels drop
D. FSH and LH levels peak
E. the endometrium thickens
59. Ovulation typically occurs:
A. on day 1 of the menstrual cycle
B. during menstruation
C. around day 14 of a 28-day cycle
D. when progesterone is at its lowest
E. during the secretory phase
60. Estrogen is produced by:
A. the hypothalamus
B. the granulosa cells of the developing follicle
C. the corpus albicans
D. the anterior pituitary
E. the adrenal cortex
61. Implantation occurs when:
A. the oocyte is released from the ovary
B. the sperm fertilizes the egg
C. the placenta is fully formed
D. the blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrial lining
E. gastrulation is complete
62. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by the:
A. ovary
B. corpus luteum
C. anterior pituitary
D. trophoblast cells of the embryo
E. endometrial glands
63. The function of hCG is to:
A. stimulate follicle growth
B. initiate labor contractions
C. maintain the corpus luteum
D. increase oxytocin levels
E. trigger implantation
64. The placenta allows for the exchange of:
A. nutrients
B. gases
C. wastes
D. all of the above
E. only oxygen and nutrients
65. Which hormone is primarily responsible for uterine contractions during labor?
A. estrogen
B. hCG
C. progesterone
D. oxytocin
E. prolactin
66. The first trimester of pregnancy is critical because:
A. the fetus starts to gain weight
B. labor begins
C. most of the major organ systems are formed
D. the placenta detaches
E. the baby starts to move
67. The fluid-filled sac that surrounds and cushions the embryo is the:
A. yolk sac
B. amniotic sac
C. chorion
D. blastocoel
E. placenta
68. Which of the following structures is formed from the ectoderm?
A. bones
B. nervous system
C. muscles
D. heart
E. kidneys
69. What is the major cation in the extracellular fluid?
A. potassium
B. calcium
C. sodium
D. chloride
E. phosphate
70. Which hormone plays the most important role in regulating sodium ion concentrations in the body?
A. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B. aldosterone
C. oxytocin
D. parathyroid hormone (PTH)
E. insulin
71. Which of the following is a chemical buffer system in the body?
A. Sodium-potassium pump
B. Bicarbonate buffer system
C. ADH-aldosterone system
D. Renin-angiotensin system
E. Hepatic buffer system
72. The most important buffer system in the extracellular fluid is the:
A. phosphate buffer system
B. bicarbonate buffer system
C. protein buffer system
D. hemoglobin buffer system
E. ammonia buffer system
73. Metabolic acidosis can result from:
A. excessive vomiting
B. hyperventilation
C. severe diarrhea
D. overuse of antacids
E. none of the above
74. Compensation for respiratory acidosis involves:
A. increased breathing rate
B. increased H+ secretion by the kidneys
C. decreased CO2 production
D. decreased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate
E. hyperventilation
75. Which organ system is most responsible for long-term pH regulation?
A. Respiratory
B. Circulatory
C. Renal
D. Muscular
E. Digestive
76. What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A. Ureter
B. Loop of Henle
C. Nephron
D. Bowman’s capsule
E. Collecting duct
77. Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
A. Regulation of blood volume
B. Production of red blood cells
C. Electrolyte balance
D. Acid-base balance
E. Removal of nitrogenous waste
78. Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Parathyroid hormone
D. Epinephrine
E. Atrial natriuretic peptide
79. Aldosterone promotes:
A. water secretion
B. calcium reabsorption
C. sodium reabsorption
D. glucose excretion
E. potassium retention
80. The process of forming glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called:
A. glycolysis
B. glycogenesis
C. glycogenolysis
D. gluconeogenesis
E. lipogenesis
81. During prolonged fasting, the body primarily uses _______ for energy:
A. glucose
B. fatty acids and ketone bodies
C. glycogen
D. lactic acid
E. amino acids only
82. Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?
A. Glucagon
B. Cortisol
C. Insulin
D. Epinephrine
E. Growth hormone
83. When blood glucose levels fall, which hormone is released?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Aldosterone
D. ADH
E. Estrogen
84. Which vitamin is essential for calcium absorption?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin K
E. Vitamin B12
85. Which of the following lipoproteins is considered “bad” cholesterol?
A. HDL
B. VLDL
C. LDL
D. Chylomicrons
E. IDL
86. HDL is beneficial because it:
A. delivers cholesterol to cells
B. increases triglyceride levels
C. removes excess cholesterol from the bloodstream
D. promotes fat storage
E. oxidizes LDL
87. Which of the following hormones stimulates hunger?
A. Ghrelin
B. Leptin
C. Insulin
D. CCK
E. PYY
88. Leptin is secreted by:
A. stomach
B. pancreas
C. adipose tissue
D. small intestine
E. hypothalamus
89. Which nutrient yields the most energy per gram?
A. Fat
B. Carbohydrate
C. Protein
D. Nucleic acid
E. Fiber
90. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is influenced by:
A. Age
B. Sex
C. Body surface area
D. Thyroid hormone levels
E. All of the above